Highly turbulent quench chamber

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for cooling a reactive mixture, comprising: a reactor configured to form the reactive mixture; a quench chamber comprising a frusto-conical body having a wide end, a narrow end, and a quench region formed between the wide and narrow end, wherein the quench chamber is configured to receive the reactive mixture from the plasma reactor through a reactive mixture inlet into the quench region, to receive a conditioning fluid through at least one fluid inlet, and to flow the conditioning fluid into the quench region, wherein the frusto-conical body is configured to produce a turbulent flow within the quench region with the flow of the conditioning fluid into the quench region, thereby promoting the quenching of the reactive mixture to form a cooled gas-particle mixture; and a suction generator configured to force the cooled gas-particle mixture out of the quench chamber.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/110,341, filed on Apr. 19, 2005, entitled, “HIGH THROUGHPUT DISCOVERY OF MATERIALS THROUGH VAPOR PHASE SYNTHESIS” and to co-pending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/928,946, filed May 11, 2007, entitled “MATERIAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND METHOD,” both of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Gas or vapor phase particle production is an important technique for producing engineered materials. The present invention relates to methods of and an apparatus for quenching a reactive medium containing gas or vapor phase particles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a particle producing reactor, basic product species are formed within extremely short time spans following ejection of a hot, reactive medium from an energy delivery zone. Following ejection, further formation mechanisms determine the ultimate characteristics of the final product.

Although chemical reactions such as nucleation and surface growth within precursor materials occur largely during energy delivery, these formation mechanisms continue to be active in the first short moments following ejection. More prevalent in the post-ejection time period are bulk formation mechanisms such as coagulation and coalescence, which operate on already formed particles. Any proper conditioning of the hot, reactive medium following ejection from the energy delivery zone must account for these and other formation mechanisms to form a final product having desired characteristics. In some instances, maintaining a reactive mixture at too high a temperature can lead to overly agglomerated particles in the final product.

In addition to particle formation, proper conditioning must account for post-formation processing of the product. Although particles, once formed, cool rapidly through radiative heat loss, the residual gas in which they are entrained after formation cools much more slowly, and especially so when confined. Confinement is necessary to some degree in any controlled-environment processing system—and economic concerns usually dictate relatively small, confining controlled environments. Therefore, such systems must provide efficient mechanisms for cooling of the entire gas-particle product, yet also provide for efficient transport of the product to collection points within the system.

Transport of particles within a gas stream relies on entrainment of the particle, which is largely a function of particle properties, e.g. mass, temperature, density, and inter-particle reactivity, as well as gas properties, e.g., density, velocity, temperature, density, viscosity, and composite properties, such as particle-gas reactivity. Cooling of a gas, by definition, affects gas temperature, but also may easily lead to changes in other properties listed above, exclusive of mass. In view of the foregoing, balancing efficient cooling and transportation of a gas-particle product requires careful optimization of process parameters, which the present invention seeks to achieve.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the present invention, a quench chamber is disclosed. The quench chamber comprises a frusto-conical body having a wide end, a narrow end, and a quench region formed between the wide end and the narrow end. The quench chamber also includes a reactive mixture inlet configured to receive a reactive mixture and to supply the reactive mixture into the quench region in the direction of the narrow end. The quench chamber further comprises a conditioning fluid inlet configured to supply a conditioning fluid into the quench region in the direction of the narrow end. The frusto-conical body is configured to produce a turbulent flow within the quench region with the supply of the conditioning fluid into the quench region, thereby promoting the quenching of the reactive mixture with the conditioning fluid to form a cooled gas-particle mixture. A gas-particle mixture outlet is disposed at the narrow end. The outlet is configured to receive the cooled gas-particle mixture from the quench region.

In another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for cooling a reactive mixture to condense particle therefrom is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a plasma reactor configured to form the reactive mixture from plasma and a precursor material. The apparatus also includes a quench chamber comprising a frusto-conical body having a wide end, a narrow end, and a quench region formed between the wide end and the narrow end. The quench chamber is configured to receive the reactive mixture from the plasma reactor through a reactive mixture inlet into the quench region, to receive a conditioning fluid from a conditioning fluid supply through at least one fluid supply inlet, and to flow the conditioning fluid into the quench region. The frusto-conical body is configured to produce a turbulent flow within the quench region with the flow of the conditioning fluid into the quench region, thereby promoting the quenching of the reactive mixture with the conditioning fluid to form a cooled gas-particle mixture. A suction generator is fluidly coupled to an outlet at the narrow end of the quench region and configured to generate suction at the narrow end to force the cooled gas-particle mixture out of the quench chamber through the outlet.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a method of cooling a reactive mixture in a quench chamber is disclosed. The method comprises flowing the reactive mixture from a reactor through a reactive mixture inlet into a quench region having a frusto-conical shape with a wide end and a narrow end. The quench region is formed within a portion of a quench chamber having a frusto-conical surface, wherein the flow of the reactive mixture forms a mixture momentum vector leading from the wide end to the narrow end. A conditioning fluid flows into the quench region through at least one fluid supply inlet along a plurality of conditioning momentum vectors from the wide end to the narrow end. This flow of conditioning fluid into the quench region forms a turbulent flow within the quench region. The conditioning fluid and the reactive mixture are mixed within the turbulent flow of the quench region, thereby quenching the reactive mixture with the conditioning fluid to form a cooled gas-particle mixture. The cooled gas-particle mixture is flown out of an outlet at the narrow end of the quench region. This cooled gas-particle mixture comprises a plurality of particles entrained in a fluid.

In a preferred embodiment, the supply of conditioning fluid into the quench region is configured to produce a flow having a Reynolds Number of at least 1000.

In one embodiment, the frusto-conical body is configured to supply the conditioning fluid to the quench region along a plurality of momentum vectors, and at least two of the plurality of momentum vectors form an angle between them that is greater than or equal to 90 degrees.

In another embodiment, the reactive mixture inlet is configured to supply the reactive mixture into the quench region along a first momentum vector, the frusto-conical body is configured to supply the conditioning fluid to the quench region along a second momentum vector, and the second momentum vector has an oblique angle greater than 20 degrees relative to the first momentum vector.

Furthermore, the gas-particle mixture outlet can be positioned a first distance away from the center of the reactive mixture inlet, and the frusto-conical body can be positioned at least a second distance away from the perimeter of the reactive mixture inlet, forming a gap therebetween. Preferably, the first distance is greater than the second distance. The relative positioning of the frusto-conical body and the reactive mixture inlet can be adjustable, whereby the first distance and the second distance are adjustable.

Other components and aspects of the present invention can be configured to be adjustable as well. For example, the volume of the quench region can be adjustable.

Additionally, the frusto-conical body is preferably configured to supply the conditioning fluid to the quench region along a plurality of momentum vectors. The angle at which the frusto-conical body supplies the conditioning fluid to the quench region can be adjustable.

Furthermore, a cooling system can be coupled to the frusto-conical body, wherein the cooling system is configured to control a temperature of the frusto-conical body. A fluid supply element can also be provided, wherein the fluid supply element is configured to adjust the flow rate of the conditioning fluid into the quench region.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a particle production system in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a particle production system with a highly turbulent quench chamber in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 3A is a combined schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of a particle production system and a corresponding graph of quench rate in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 3B is a combined schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of a particle production system with a highly turbulent quench chamber and a corresponding graph of quench rate in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of conditioning fluid momentum vectors within a quench region of a quench chamber in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of conditioning fluid momentum vectors within a highly turbulent quench region of a quench chamber in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method of quenching a reactive mixture to condense and form particles therefrom in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The description below concerns several embodiments of the invention. The discussion references the illustrated preferred embodiment. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited to either the illustrated embodiment, nor is it limited to those discussed, to the contrary, the scope should be interpreted as broadly as possible based on the language of the Claims section of this document.

In the following description, numerous details and alternatives are set forth for purpose of explanation. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the invention can be practiced without the use of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the description of the invention with unnecessary detail.

This disclosure refers to both particles and powders. These two terms are equivalent, except for the caveat that a singular “powder” refers to a collection of particles. The present invention may apply to a wide variety of powders and particles. Powders that fall within the scope of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, any of the following: (a) nano-structured powders (nano-powders), having an average grain size less than 250 nanometers and an aspect ratio between one and one million; (b) submicron powders, having an average grain size less than 1 micron and an aspect ratio between one and one million; (c) ultra-fine powders, having an average grain size less than 100 microns and an aspect ratio between one and one million; and (d) fine powders, having an average grain size less than 500 microns and an aspect ratio between one and one million.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a gas phase particle production system 100 is presented. The system 100 comprises a precursor supply device 110 and a working gas supply device 120 both fluidly coupled to a plasma production chamber 130 having an energy delivery zone 135 formed therein. The plasma production chamber 130 is fluidly coupled with an injection port 140 of a constricting quench chamber 145, thereby allowing the energy delivery zone 135 to fluidly communicate with the quench chamber 145. One or more ports 190 also allow fluid communication of the quench chamber 145 with a controlled atmosphere system 170 (indicated by the dotted lines). The quench chamber 145 is also fluidly coupled with an ejection port 165.

Generally, the plasma production chamber 130 operates as a reactor, producing an output comprising particles within a gas stream. Particle production includes the steps of combination, reaction, and conditioning. In an exemplary embodiment, the present invention uses a nano-powder production system similar to those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/110,341, filed on Apr. 19, 2005 and entitled, “HIGH THROUGHPUT DISCOVERY OF MATERIALS THROUGH VAPOR PHASE SYNTHESIS”, which is currently published as U.S. Publication No. 2005-0233380-A. In such a nano-powder production system, working gas is supplied from a gas source to a plasma reactor. Within the plasma reactor, energy is delivered to the working gas, thereby creating a plasma. A variety of different means can be employed to deliver this energy, including, but not limited to, DC coupling, capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, and resonant coupling. One or more material dispensing devices introduce at least one material, preferably in powder form, into the plasma reactor. The combination within the plasma reactor of the plasma and the material(s) introduced by the material dispensing device(s) forms a highly reactive and energetic mixture, wherein the powder can be vaporized. This mixture of vaporized powder moves through the plasma reactor in the flow direction of the working gas. As it moves, the mixture cools and particles are formed therein. The still-energetic output mixture, comprising hot gas and energetic particles, is emitted from the plasma reactor.

In an exemplary embodiment, the plasma production chamber 130 combines precursor material (preferably in powder form) supplied from the precursor supply device 110 and working gas supplied from the working gas supply device 120 within the energy delivery zone 135, where the working gas is energized to form a plasma. The plasma is applied to the precursor material within the energy delivery zone 135 to form an energized, reactive mixture. This mixture comprises one or more materials in at least one of a plurality of phases, which may include vapor, gas, and plasma.

The reactive mixture flows from the energy delivery zone 135 into the constricting quench chamber 145 through the injection port 140. As the hot mixture moves from the energy delivery zone 135, it expands rapidly within the quench chamber 145 and cools. While the mixture flows into the quench chamber 145, the ports 190 supply conditioning fluid along the inner surfaces of the quench chamber 145. The conditioning fluid combines, at least to some extent, with the mixture, and flows from the quench chamber 145 through the ejection port 165.

During a period immediately after entering the quench chamber 145, particle formation occurs. Furthermore, the supply of conditioning fluid along the inner surfaces of the quench chamber 145 works to condition the reactive mixture, to maintain entrainment of the particles therein, and to prevent the depositing of material on the inner surfaces of the quench chamber 145.

Still referring to FIG. 1, the structure of the quench chamber 145 can be formed of relatively thin walled components capable of dissipating substantial heat. For example, the thin-walled components can conduct heat from inside the chamber and radiate the heat to the ambient. The quench chamber 145 comprises a substantially cylindrical surface 150, a cone-like (frusto-conical) surface 155, and an annular surface 160 connecting the injection port 140 with the cylindrical surface 150. The cylindrical surface 150, having a large diameter relative to the size of the injection port 140, provides accommodation for the expansion of the reactive mixture that occurs after the mixture flows into the quench chamber 145. The cone-like surface 155 extends from the cylindrical surface 150, away from the injection port 140 and towards the ejection port 165. The cone-like surface 155 is sufficiently smoothly varying so as to not unduly compress fluid flowing from through the quench chamber 145 to the ejection port 165.

Substantial heat is emitted, mostly in the form of radiation, from the mixture following its entry into the quench chamber 145. The quench chamber 145 is preferably designed to dissipate this heat efficiently. For example, the surfaces of the quench chamber 145 are preferably exposed to a cooling apparatus (not shown).

Still referring to FIG. 1, the controlled atmosphere system 170 preferably comprises a chamber 185 into which conditioning fluid is introduced from a reservoir 175 through a conduit 180. The conditioning fluid preferably comprises argon. However, other inert, relatively heavy gases are equally preferred. Furthermore, the preferable mechanism of providing the conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 145 is the formation of a pressure differential between the quench chamber 145 and the outlet 165. Such pressure differential will draw the conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 145 through the ports 190. Other less preferred methods of providing the conditioning fluid include, but are not limited to, forming positive pressure within the chamber 185.

The frusto-conical shape of the quench chamber 145 can provide a modest amount of turbulence within the quench region, thereby promoting the mixing of the conditioning fluid with the reactive mixture, and increasing the quenching rate beyond prior art systems. However, in some situations, an even greater increase in quenching rate may be desired. Such an increase in quenching rate can be achieved by creating a highly turbulent flow within a region of a quench chamber where the conditioning fluid is mixed with the reactive mixture.

FIG. 2 illustrates a gas phase particle production system 200 with a highly turbulent quench chamber 245. The system 200 comprises a precursor supply device 210 a working gas supply device 220 fluidly coupled to a plasma production and reaction chamber 230, similar to plasma production chamber 130 discussed above with reference to FIG. 1. An energy delivery system 225 is also coupled with the plasma production and reactor chamber 230. The plasma production and reactor chamber 230 includes an injection port 240 that communicates fluidly with the constricting quench chamber 245. One or more ports 290 can also allow fluid communication between the quench chamber 245 and a controlled atmosphere system 270, similar to controlled atmosphere system 170 in FIG. 1. The quench chamber 245 is also fluidly coupled to an outlet 265.

Generally, the chamber 230 operates as a reactor, similar to chamber 130 in FIG. 1, producing an output comprising particles within a gas stream. Production includes the basic steps of combination, reaction, and conditioning as described later herein. The system combines precursor material supplied from the precursor supply device 210 and working gas supplied from the working gas supply device 220 within the energy delivery zone of the chamber 230. The system energizes the working gas in the chamber 230 using energy from the energy supply system 290, thereby forming a plasma. The plasma is applied to the precursor material within the chamber 230 to form an energized, reactive mixture. This mixture comprises one or more materials in at least one of a plurality of phases, which may include vapor, gas, and plasma. The reactive mixture flows from the plasma production and reactor chamber 230 into the quench chamber 245 through an injection port 240.

The quench chamber 245 preferably comprises a substantially cylindrical surface 250, a frusto-conical surface 255, and an annular surface 260 connecting the injection port 240 with the cylindrical surface 250. The frusto-conical surface 260 narrows to meet the outlet 265. The plasma production and reactor chamber 230 includes an extended portion at the end of which the injection port 240 is disposed. This extended portion shortens the distance between the injection port 240 and the outlet 265, reducing the volume of region in which the reactive mixture and the conditioning fluid will mix, referred to as the quench region. In a preferred embodiment, the injection port 240 is arranged coaxially with the outlet 265. The center of the injection port is positioned a first distance d₁ from the outlet 265. The perimeter of the injection port is positioned a second distance d₂ from a portion of the frusto-conical surface 255. The injection port 240 and the frusto-conical surface 255 form the aforementioned quench region therebetween. The space between the perimeter of the injection port 240 and the frusto-conical surface 255 forms a gap therebetween that acts as a channel for supplying conditioning fluid into the quench region. The frusto-conical surface 255 acts as a funneling surface, channeling fluid through the gap and into the quench region.

While the reactive mixture flows into the quench chamber 245, the ports 290 supply conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 245. The conditioning fluid then moves along the frusto-conical surface 255, through the gap between the injection port 240 and the frusto-conical surface 255, and into the quench region. In some embodiments, the controlled atmosphere system 270 is configured to control the volume flow rate or mass flow rate of the conditioning fluid supplied to the quench region.

As the reactive mixture moves out of the injection port 240, it expands and mixes with the conditioning fluid. Preferably, the angle at which the conditioning fluid is supplied produces a high degree of turbulence and promotes mixing with the reactive mixture. This turbulence can depend on many parameters. In a preferred embodiment, one or more of these parameters is adjustable to control the level of turbulence. These factors include the flow rates of the conditioning fluid, the temperature of the frusto-conical surface 255, the angle of the frusto-conical surface 255 (which affects the angle at which the conditioning fluid is supplied into the quench region), and the size of the quench region. For example, the relative positioning of the frusto-conical surface 255 and the injection port 240 is adjustable, which can be used to adjust the volume of quench region. These adjustments can be made in a variety of different ways, using a variety of different mechanisms, including, but not limited to, automated means and manual means.

During a brief period immediately after entering the quench chamber 245, particle formation occurs. The degree to which the particles agglomerate depends on the rate of cooling. The cooling rate depends on the turbulence of the flow within the quench region. Preferably, the system is adjusted to form a highly turbulent flow, and to form very dispersed particles. For example, in preferred embodiments, the turbidity of the flow within the quench region is such that the flow has a Reynolds Number of at least 1000.

Still referring to FIG. 2, the structure of the quench chamber 245 is preferably formed of relatively thin walled components capable of dissipating substantial quantities of heat. For example, the thin-walled components can conduct heat from inside the chamber and radiate the heat to the ambient.

Substantial heat is emitted, mostly in the form of radiation, from the reactive mixture following its entry into the quench chamber 245. The quench chamber 245 is designed to dissipate this heat efficiently. The surfaces of the quench chamber 245 are preferably exposed to a cooling system (not shown). In a preferred embodiment, the cooling system is configured to control a temperature of the frusto-conical surface 255.

Following injection into the quench region, cooling, and particle formation, the mixture flows from the quench chamber 245 through the outlet port 265. Suction generated by a generator 295 moves the mixture and conditioning fluid from the quench region into the conduit 292. From the outlet port 265, the mixture flows along the conduit 292, toward the suction generator 295. Preferably, the particles are removed from the mixture by a collection or sampling system (not shown) prior to encountering the suction generator 295.

Still referring to FIG. 2, the controlled atmosphere system 270 comprises a chamber 285, fluidly coupled to the quench region through port(s) 290, into which conditioning fluid is introduced from a reservoir, such as reservoir 175, through a conduit 280. As described above, the conditioning fluid preferably comprises argon. However, other inert, relatively heavy gases are equally preferred. Also, as discussed above, the preferable mechanism of providing the conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 245 is the formation of a pressure differential between the quench chamber 245 and the outlet 265. Such pressure differential will draw the conditioning fluid into the quench chamber 245 through the ports 290. Other methods of providing the conditioning fluid include, but are not limited to, forming positive pressure within the chamber 285.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate the effect of adjustments made within embodiments of the present invention on quench rates in particle production systems. FIG. 3A illustrates a portion of a low turbulence system 300. The reactive mixture flows from the reactor 330 through the injection port 340, and into the quench region formed between the injection port 340 and the frusto-conical surface 355. The mixture flows toward a narrow end of the frusto-conical surface 355. The quench region is described by the parameters d₁, the distance between the center of the injection port 340 and the narrow end of the quench region, and d₂, the distance between the perimeter of the injection port 340 and the frusto-conical surface 355.

The graph portion of FIG. 3A charts exemplary variations of the mixture temperature as it travels from the reactor 330, through the injection port 340, into the quench region, and towards the narrow end of the quench region. Within the reactor 330, the region Z₁, the temperature remains substantially constant. Once ejected, the mixture enters the quench region, Z₂, where it expands and initially cools rapidly. During this initial cooling, particles begin to form.

However, at the inflection point I₁, the forces tending to expand the mixture and inertial forces of the low turbulence gas begin to equilibrate. At this point, little mixing takes place between the hot mixture and the conditioning fluid. The temperature of the mixture continues to decrease, but does so at a much lower rate. During this time, the temperature remains high enough that the particles can agglomerate together to form large masses of particles.

Eventually, as these particles and the hot gas they are mixed with become entrained in the conditioning fluid and move out of the narrow end into the conduit region, Z₃, temperatures become low enough that no further agglomeration takes place.

FIG. 3B illustrates a portion of a high turbulence system 300′. The reactive mixture flows from the reactor 330′ through the injection port 340′, and into the quench region formed between the injection port 340′ and the frusto-conical surface 355′. The mixture flows toward a narrow end of the frusto-conical surface 355′. The quench region is described by the parameters d′₁, the distance between the center of the injection port 340′ and the narrow end of the quench region, and d′₂, the distance between the perimeter of the injection port 340′ and the frusto-conical surface 355′.

The graph portion of FIG. 3B charts exemplary variations of the mixture temperature as it travels from the reactor 330′, through the injection port 340′, into the quench region, and towards the narrow end of the quench region. Within the reactor 330′, the region Z′₁, the temperature remains substantially constant. Once ejected, the mixture enters the quench region, Z′₂, where it expands slightly and cools rapidly. The high turbulence flow within the quench region continues to mix conditioning fluid with the reactive mixture through the Z′₂ region and cools the mixture smoothly and rapidly until the conditioning fluid and reactive mixture reach thermal equilibrium. During this cooling, particles form. Because the mixture is cooled more rapidly in the system of 3B than in 3A, there is a shorter time period during which agglomeration can occur.

As the mixture of particles and hot gas continues to mix with the conditioning fluid, the mixture of gas and particles flows out of the narrow end into the conduit region, Z′₃. Overall, the quench period within a high turbulence quench region, as in some embodiments of the present invention, is much shorter than in a low turbulence quench region.

Therefore, the high turbulence produced by the embodiments of the present invention decreases the period during which particles formed can agglomerate with one another, thereby producing particles of more uniform size, and in some instances, producing smaller-sized particles. Both of these features lead to particles with increased dispersibility and increased ratio of surface area to volume.

As discussed above, the angle of the frusto-conical surface affects the angle at which the conditioning fluid is supplied into the quench region, which can affect the level of turbulence in the quench region. The conditioning fluid preferably flows into the quench region along a plurality of momentum vectors. The greater the degree of the angle between the momentum vectors, the higher the level of turbulence that will be produced. In a preferred embodiment, the high turbulent quench chamber comprises a frusto-conical surface that is configured to funnel at least two conditioning fluid momentum vectors into the quench region such that there is at least a 90 degree angle between the two momentum vectors.

FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment 400 of conditioning fluid momentum vectors within a quench region of a low-turbulence quench chamber, such as the quench chamber illustrated in FIG. 1 or FIG. 3A. In FIG. 4A, the conditioning fluid flows into the quench region along momentum vectors represented by the arrows. As can be seen, the angle of the momentum vectors corresponds to the angle of the frusto-conical surface 455. In FIG. 4A, the angle formed between the momentum vectors is less than 90 degrees.

FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment 400′ of conditioning fluid momentum vectors within a quench region of a high-turbulence quench chamber, such as the quench chamber illustrated in FIG. 2 or FIG. 3B. In FIG. 4B, the conditioning fluid flows into the quench region along momentum vectors represented by the arrows. As can be seen, the angle of the momentum vectors corresponds to the angle of the frusto-conical surface 455′. In FIG. 4A, the angle formed between the momentum vectors is greater than or equal to 90 degrees.

It is contemplated that other angle degree thresholds may be applied as well. For example, attention may also be paid to the angle formed between at least one of the conditioning fluid momentum vectors and the momentum vector of the reactive mixture. In one embodiment of a highly turbulent quench chamber, a reactive mixture inlet is configured to supply the reactive mixture into the quench region along a first momentum vector, the frusto-conical surface is configured to supply the conditioning fluid to the quench region along a second momentum vector, and the second momentum vector has an oblique angle greater than 20 degrees relative to the first momentum vector.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method 500 of quenching a reactive mixture to condense and form particles therefrom in accordance with the principles of the present invention. At step 510, it is determined whether or not (and how) the turbulence in the quench region should be adjusted.

If it is determined that adjustments should be made to increase the turbulence to a higher turbulence, then the process continues on to step 315 a where such adjustments are made to the quench chamber in the direction of a high-turbulence configuration. Such adjustments can include, but are not limited to, increasing the flow rate of the conditioning fluid, increasing the angle of the frusto-conical surface (thus increasing the angle between the momentum vectors), decreasing the volume of the quench region (such as by reducing the distance between the injection port and the outlet), and reducing the temperature of the frusto-conical surface using a temperature control system.

On the other hand, if it is determined that adjustments should be made to decrease the turbulence to a lower turbulence, then the process continues on to step 315 b where such adjustments are made to the quench chamber in the direction of a low-turbulence configuration. Such adjustments can include, but are not limited to, decreasing the flow rate of the conditioning fluid, decreasing the angle of the frusto-conical surface (thus decreasing the angle between the momentum vectors), increasing the volume of the quench region (such as by increasing the distance between the injection port and the outlet), and increasing the temperature of the frusto-conical surface using a temperature control system.

Whether or not the turbulence of the quench chamber is adjusted, at step 520, a reactor produces a reactive mixture, preferably using a working gas supplied from a working gas supply device and a precursor material supplied from a precursor material supply device. In a preferred embodiment, the working gas flows into the reactor, where energy is delivered to the working gas, thereby forming a plasma. The plasma is applied to precursor material that is flown into the reactor. The combination of the plasma to the precursor material forms the reactive mixture.

At step 530, the reactive mixture flows from the reactor into the quench region of the quench chamber, preferably through an injection port that fluidly couples the quench region to the reactor.

At step 540, conditioning fluid flows into the quench region, preferably through one or more inlets that fluidly couple the quench region to a conditioning fluid supply device or a chamber that temporarily holds the conditioning fluid.

Although the flow chart shows step of the conditioning fluid being flown into the quench region after the step of the reactive mixture being flown into the quench region, it is contemplated that the conditioning fluid can also be flown into the quench region at the same time or before the reactive mixture. Furthermore, the configuration of the quench chamber affects the manner in which the reactive mixture and the conditioning fluid are introduced into the quench region. As discussed above, depending on the degree of turbulence desired, several factors can vary, including, but not limited to, the flow rate of the conditioning fluid, the angle of the frusto-conical surface (and consequently, the angle between the momentum vectors), the volume of the quench region, the distance between the injection port and the outlet, and the temperature of the frusto-conical surface.

At step 550, the conditioning fluid quenches the reactive mixture while the two are combined within the quench region. As previously discussed, the higher the level of turbulence, the higher the quench rate.

The process can then come to an end. Alternatively, the process can repeat back at step 510, where adjustments regarding turbulence level can be made, if appropriate, before producing and quenching a reactive mixture.

The present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments incorporating details to facilitate the understanding of the principles of construction and operation of the invention. As such, references herein to specific embodiments and details thereof are not intended to limit the scope of the claims appended hereto. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications can be made to the embodiments chosen for illustration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1-19. (canceled)
 20. A method of cooling a reactive mixture in a quench chamber, where the reaction mixture comprises plasma-energized precursor material from an output of a plasma reactor, comprising: flowing the reactive mixture from a reactor through a reactive mixture inlet into a quench region having a frusto-conical shape with a wide end and a narrow end, the quench region formed within a portion of a quench chamber having a frusto-conical surface, wherein the flow of the reactive mixture forms a mixture momentum vector leading from the wide end to the narrow end and wherein the quench region is configured to enable the reactive mixture to expand upon exiting the reactive mixture inlet; flowing a conditioning fluid into the quench region through at least one fluid supply inlet separate from the reactive mixture inlet along a plurality of conditioning momentum vectors from the wide end to the narrow end, wherein the flow of conditioning fluid into the quench region forms a turbulent flow within the quench region, wherein a gap is formed between the reactive mixture inlet and the frusto-conical surface of the frusto-conical body, the gap acting as a channel for supplying conditioning fluid into the quench region, and wherein the frusto-conical surface of the frusto-conical body is configured to produce the turbulent flow within the quench region; mixing the conditioning fluid and the reactive mixture within the turbulent flow of the quench region, thereby quenching the reactive mixture with the conditioning fluid to form a cooled gas-particle mixture; and flowing the cooled gas-particle mixture out of an outlet at the narrow end of the quench region, wherein the cooled gas-particle mixture comprises a plurality of particles entrained in a fluid.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein at least two of the conditioning momentum vectors form an angle between them that is greater than or equal to 90 degrees.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein at least one of the conditioning momentum vectors has an oblique angle greater than 20 degrees relative to the mixture momentum vector.
 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the gap formed between the reactive mixture inlet and the frusto-conical surface of the frusto-conical body is formed by positioning the outlet a first distance away from the center of the reactive mixture inlet, positioning the frusto-conical surface at least a second distance away from the perimeter of the reactive mixture inlet, forming the gap therebetween, and the first distance is greater than the second distance.
 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising the step of adjusting the relative positioning of the frusto-conical surface and the reactive mixture inlet, thereby adjusting the first distance and the second distance.
 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the turbulent flow within the quench region has a Reynolds Number of at least
 1000. 26. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of adjusting the volume of the quench region.
 27. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of adjusting the angle of at least one of the conditioning momentum vectors.
 28. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of adjusting the temperature of the frusto-conical surface.
 29. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of adjusting the flow rate of the conditioning fluid into the quench region.
 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the conditioning fluid is an inert gas.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the conditioning fluid is argon.
 32. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of flowing the reactive mixture from the reactor into the quench region is preceded by the step of producing the reactive mixture in the reactor, wherein the step of producing the reactive mixture comprises: flowing a working gas into the reactor; delivering energy to the working gas, thereby forming a plasma; flowing the precursor material into the reactor; and applying the plasma to the precursor material within the reactor, thereby forming the reactive mixture. 